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Johnstown Flood
The Johnstown Flood (locally, the Great Flood of 1889) occurred on May 31, 1889, after the catastrophic failure of the South Fork Dam on the Little Conemaugh River upstream of the town of Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The dam broke after several days of extremely heavy rainfall, unleashing 20 million tons of water (18 million cubic meters) from the reservoir known as Lake Conemaugh. With a flow rate that temporarily equalled that of the Mississippi River,〔(Sid Perkins, "Johnstown Flood matched volume of Mississippi River" ), ''Science News'', Vol.176 #11, 21 November 2009, accessed 14 October 2012〕 the flood killed 2,209 people and caused US$17 million of damage (about $450 million in 2015 dollars).
The American Red Cross, led by Clara Barton and with 50 volunteers, undertook a major disaster relief effort.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.redcross.org/about-us/history/clara-barton )〕 Support for victims came from all over the United States and 18 foreign countries. After the flood, survivors suffered a series of legal defeats in their attempts to recover damages from the dam's owners. Public indignation at that failure prompted the development in American law changing a fault-based regime to strict liability.
==History==
The village of Johnstown was founded in 1800 by the Swiss immigrant Joseph Johns (anglicized from "Schantz") where the Stony Creek and Little Conemaugh rivers joined to form the Conemaugh River. It began to prosper with the building of the Pennsylvania Main Line Canal in 1836 and the construction in the 1850s of the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Cambria Iron Works. By 1889, Johnstown's industries had attracted numerous Welsh and German immigrants. With a population of 30,000, it was a growing industrial community known for the quality of its steel.〔("A Roar Like Thunder...", National Park Service, Department of the Interior )〕
The high, steep hills of the narrow Conemaugh Valley and the Allegheny Mountains range to the east kept development close to the riverfront areas. The valley had large amounts of runoff from rain and snowfall. The area surrounding Johnstown is prone to flooding due to its location on the rivers, whose upstream watersheds include an extensive drainage basin of the Allegheny plateau. Adding to these factors, slag from the iron furnaces of the steel mills was dumped along the river to create more land for building.〔("The Johnstown Flood Of 1889", ''The Weather Channel'' )〕 Developers' artificial narrowing of the riverbed to maximize early industries left the city even more flood-prone.〔 The Conemaugh River immediately downstream of Johnstown is hemmed in by steep mountainsides for about . Today, a plaque at the scenic overlook on Pennsylvania Route 56 about outside Johnstown cites this gorge as the deepest river gap in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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